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The Academy's Evolution Site Biological evolution is a central concept in biology. The Academies are involved in helping those who are interested in science to comprehend the evolution theory and how it can be applied across all areas of scientific research. This site offers a variety of resources for teachers, students, and general readers on evolution. It includes key video clip from NOVA and WGBH produced science programs on DVD. Tree of Life The Tree of Life, an ancient symbol, represents the interconnectedness of all life. 에볼루션 바카라 체험 is seen in a variety of religions and cultures as an emblem of unity and love. It also has many practical applications, such as providing a framework to understand the evolution of species and how they respond to changing environmental conditions. The first attempts to depict the world of biology were built on categorizing organisms based on their metabolic and physical characteristics. These methods, which depend on the collection of various parts of organisms or DNA fragments, have significantly increased the diversity of a tree of Life2. The trees are mostly composed by eukaryotes, and bacterial diversity is vastly underrepresented3,4. By avoiding the need for direct experimentation and observation, genetic techniques have enabled us to depict the Tree of Life in a more precise way. Particularly, molecular methods allow us to construct trees using sequenced markers such as the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene. Despite the dramatic expansion of the Tree of Life through genome sequencing, a lot of biodiversity is waiting to be discovered. This is particularly true for microorganisms that are difficult to cultivate, and are typically found in a single specimen5. A recent analysis of all genomes has produced a rough draft of a Tree of Life. This includes a wide range of archaea, bacteria and other organisms that have not yet been identified or the diversity of which is not fully understood6. The expanded Tree of Life is particularly useful in assessing the diversity of an area, which can help to determine if specific habitats require special protection. This information can be used in a variety of ways, from identifying new remedies to fight diseases to enhancing the quality of crops. The information is also incredibly beneficial for conservation efforts. It helps biologists determine the areas most likely to contain cryptic species that could have important metabolic functions that may be at risk from anthropogenic change. While conservation funds are important, the most effective way to conserve the world's biodiversity is to equip more people in developing countries with the information they require to act locally and promote conservation. Phylogeny A phylogeny (also known as an evolutionary tree) illustrates the relationship between organisms. Scientists can create an phylogenetic chart which shows the evolutionary relationship of taxonomic groups using molecular data and morphological similarities or differences. Phylogeny is essential in understanding evolution, biodiversity and genetics. A basic phylogenetic tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 ) is a method of identifying the relationships between organisms that share similar traits that evolved from common ancestral. These shared traits could be either analogous or homologous. Homologous traits are similar in their underlying evolutionary path, while analogous traits look similar but do not have the identical origins. Scientists organize similar traits into a grouping referred to as a Clade. All members of a clade have a common characteristic, like amniotic egg production. They all derived from an ancestor with these eggs. The clades are then linked to create a phylogenetic tree to determine which organisms have the closest connection to each other. For a more precise and precise phylogenetic tree scientists make use of molecular data from DNA or RNA to identify the relationships among organisms. This information is more precise than morphological data and provides evidence of the evolutionary history of an organism or group. The analysis of molecular data can help researchers determine the number of species that share the same ancestor and estimate their evolutionary age. The phylogenetic relationships of organisms are influenced by many factors including phenotypic plasticity, a type of behavior that changes in response to unique environmental conditions. This can cause a trait to appear more similar to one species than to the other which can obscure the phylogenetic signal. This problem can be mitigated by using cladistics. This is a method that incorporates the combination of homologous and analogous traits in the tree. In addition, phylogenetics can aid in predicting the time and pace of speciation. This information can aid conservation biologists to make decisions about the species they should safeguard from extinction. It is ultimately the preservation of phylogenetic diversity which will create a complete and balanced ecosystem. Evolutionary Theory The main idea behind evolution is that organisms develop different features over time based on their interactions with their environment. Several theories of evolutionary change have been proposed by a wide variety of scientists such as the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) who believed that an organism would evolve slowly according to its needs, the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who developed the modern hierarchical taxonomy Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) who suggested that the use or misuse of traits causes changes that can be passed onto offspring. In the 1930s & 1940s, theories from various areas, including natural selection, genetics & particulate inheritance, were brought together to form a contemporary synthesis of evolution theory. This describes how evolution happens through the variation in genes within a population and how these variations change with time due to natural selection. This model, known as genetic drift, mutation, gene flow, and sexual selection, is a key element of current evolutionary biology, and is mathematically described. Recent discoveries in the field of evolutionary developmental biology have shown that genetic variation can be introduced into a species by genetic drift, mutation, and reshuffling genes during sexual reproduction, as well as by migration between populations. These processes, in conjunction with other ones like the directional selection process and the erosion of genes (changes in frequency of genotypes over time) can lead to evolution. Evolution is defined as changes in the genome over time, as well as changes in phenotype (the expression of genotypes in individuals). Students can better understand the concept of phylogeny through incorporating evolutionary thinking throughout all areas of biology. In a recent study conducted by Grunspan and colleagues., it was shown that teaching students about the evidence for evolution boosted their acceptance of evolution during the course of a college biology. For more information about how to teach evolution read The Evolutionary Power of Biology in All Areas of Biology or Thinking Evolutionarily as a Framework for Infusing Evolution into Life Sciences Education. Evolution in Action Traditionally, scientists have studied evolution through looking back, studying fossils, comparing species and studying living organisms. But evolution isn't a thing that occurred in the past. It's an ongoing process, happening right now. Bacteria transform and resist antibiotics, viruses reinvent themselves and escape new drugs and animals alter their behavior to the changing environment. The changes that result are often evident. It wasn't until the late 1980s that biologists began to realize that natural selection was also at work. The main reason is that different traits result in an individual rate of survival as well as reproduction, and may be passed on from generation to generation. In the past, when one particular allele—the genetic sequence that defines color in a group of interbreeding organisms, it could rapidly become more common than the other alleles. Over time, that would mean that the number of black moths within a population could increase. The same is true for many other characteristics—including morphology and behavior—that vary among populations of organisms. Monitoring evolutionary changes in action is much easier when a species has a rapid turnover of its generation, as with bacteria. Since 1988, Richard Lenski, a biologist, has studied twelve populations of E.coli that are descended from one strain. Samples of each population were taken regularly, and more than 500.000 generations of E.coli have passed. Lenski's work has demonstrated that a mutation can dramatically alter the rate at the rate at which a population reproduces, and consequently, the rate at which it alters. It also demonstrates that evolution takes time, which is difficult for some to accept. Another example of microevolution is that mosquito genes for resistance to pesticides appear more frequently in areas where insecticides are employed. Pesticides create a selective pressure which favors individuals who have resistant genotypes. The rapid pace at which evolution takes place has led to a growing awareness of its significance in a world that is shaped by human activity, including climate changes, pollution and the loss of habitats which prevent many species from adjusting. Understanding the evolution process will help you make better decisions regarding the future of the planet and its inhabitants.